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ISSN : 1226-525X(Print)
ISSN : 2234-1099(Online)
Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Vol.30 No.3 pp.135-142
DOI : https://doi.org/10.5000/EESK.2026.30.3.135

Settlement Evaluation of Railway Embankments on Liquefiable Foundation Soil According to Embankment Height and Input Frequency Using Dynamic Numerical Analysis

Oh I Tae1)*, Ha Ik Soo2)
1)Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Kyungnam University, 2)Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Kyungnam University

Abstract

This study quantitatively evaluates the effects of embankment height and input excitation frequency on crest settlement—a key damage indicator—for railway embankments founded on liquefiable ground. Dynamic numerical analyses were conducted using FLAC2D, based on the cross-section adopted in a previous 1-g shaking table test. The parametric study considered four embankment heights (0, 2, 4, and 6 m) and three input frequencies (0.8, 2.5, and 5.0 Hz). To simulate liquefaction in the foundation soil, the PM4Sand constitutive model was employed within an effective-stress framework. Model validity was first examined by comparing computed time histories of excess pore-water pressure, acceleration, and settlement with experimental results, and by confirming qualitative agreement with observed settlement trends across different embankment heights. The results show that crest settlement does not increase monotonically with embankment height; instead, it reaches a maximum and then decreases beyond a critical range. The largest settlement occurs when the embankment height is approximately 15~25% of the liquefiable layer thickness. This behavior reflects the competition between increased overburden pressure, which enhances liquefaction resistance beneath the embankment, and amplified lateral spreading, which increases permanent deformation. Although excitation frequency influences settlement, its effect is smaller than that of embankment height.

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    Reference

    Journal Abbreviation J. Earthq. Eng. Soc. Korea
    Frequency Bimonthly
    Doi Prefix 10.5000/EESK
    Year of Launching 1997
    Publisher Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
    Indexed/Tracked/Covered By